BIO207 LOWER INVERTEBRATES

BIO207 – Lower Invertebrates introduces students to the diversity, biology, and evolution of invertebrate animals, focusing on simpler organisms such as sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, annelids, mollusks, and others. The course covers anatomical structures, modes of reproduction, respiration, locomotion, and nervous coordination in these animals. Evolutionary relationships and ecological roles of these organisms are also discussed.

Students gain insight into the adaptations that enable invertebrates to thrive in diverse habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Practical sessions, including dissections and microscopic studies, help students appreciate the structural complexity and functional diversity of lower invertebrates. This course lays the foundation for more advanced studies in zoology and evolutionary biology.